Changes to Wisconsin's spring elections in response to the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic, 2020
Wisconsin's spring elections for state judgeships and local offices were scheduled for April 7, 2020. In response to the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic, which was in its early months at the time, the state government approved of a number of changes to election procedure for the spring elections. This article details those changes and provides details on arguments made by supporters and opponents of the changes.
On April 6, 2020, the Wisconsin state supreme court voted 4-2 to enjoin an executive order issued earlier in the day by Governor Tony Evers (D) postponing in-person voting in the spring election, scheduled for April 7, 2020, to June 9, 2020. As a result, in-person voting took place as scheduled on April 7, 2020. Also on April 6, 2020, the Supreme Court of the United States voted 5-4 to stay a district court order that had extended the absentee voting deadline. The high court preserved the extended absentee ballot return deadline of April 13, 2020, but mandated that absentee ballots be postmarked by April 7, 2020.[1]
- Races on the ballot
- Latest developments
- Timeline of changes to election procedures
- Arguments surrounding proposed changes
- Original voting procedures in Wisconsin spring elections
Races on the ballot
The following races were on the 2020 spring election ballot:
- Democratic presidential primary
- One seat on the state supreme court
- Three seats on the state appeals court
- School board elections
- Municipal elections
There was one statewide ballot measure on the spring election ballot. Local ballot measures included two ballot measures in Milwaukee County.
Media coverage of in-person voting sites on April 7, 2020
The following is a selection of articles covering in-person voting sites on April 7, 2020. Articles are listed alphabetically by the title of the publication.
- Green Bay Press Gazette, "Live updates: Election day news from around the state," April 7, 2020
- The Hill, "Wisconsin experiences long lines at limited voting locations amid pandemic," April 7, 2020
- Milwaukee Journal Sentinel, "Election day live blog," April 7, 2020
- Wisconsin Public Radio, "Live: What To Know April 7 About COVID-19 In Wisconsin," April 7, 2020
- Wisconsin State Journal, "Follow live Election Day coverage from Wisconsin State Journal," April 7, 2020
Timeline of changes to election procedures
The following timeline delineates proposed and enacted changes to election procedures in response to the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic.
April 6, 2020: U.S. Supreme Court stays district court order, reinstates previous absentee voting deadlines
On April 6, 2020, the Supreme Court of the United States voted 5-4 to stay a U.S. district court order that had extended Wisconsin's absentee voting deadline in the April 7, 2020, election. As a result, the absentee ballot postmark and in-person return deadline were reinstated to April 7, 2020. The deadline for a postmarked ballot to be received by the elections clerk remained April 13, 2020. Chief Justice John Roberts and Associate Justices Samuel Alito, Clarence Thomas, Neil Gorsuch, and Brett Kavanaugh comprised the majority. Associate Justices Ruth Bader Ginsburg, Stephen Breyer, Elena Kagan, and Sonia Sotomayor dissented.[2]
The majority wrote the following in its per curiam opinion:[2]
| “ |
Extending the date by which ballots may be cast by voters—not just received by the municipal clerks but cast by voters—for an additional six days after the scheduled election day fundamentally alters the nature of the election. And again, the plaintiffs themselves did not even ask for that relief in their preliminary injunction motions. Our point is not that the argument is necessarily forfeited, but is that the plaintiffs themselves did not see the need to ask for such relief. By changing the election rules so close to the election date and by affording relief that the plaintiffs themselves did not ask for in their preliminary injunction motions, the District Court contravened this Court’s precedents and erred by ordering such relief. This Court has repeatedly emphasized that lower federal courts should ordinarily not alter the election rules on the eve of an election.[3] |
” |
Ginsburg wrote the following in her dissent:[2]
| “ |
While I do not doubt the good faith of my colleagues, the Court’s order, I fear, will result in massive disenfranchisement. A voter cannot deliver for postmarking a ballot she has not received. Yet tens of thousands of voters who timely requested ballots are unlikely to receive them by April 7, the Court’s postmark deadline. Rising concern about the COVID–19 pandemic has caused a late surge in absentee-ballot requests. The Court’s suggestion that the current situation is not “substantially different” from “an ordinary election” boggles the mind.[3] |
” |
April 6, 2020: State supreme court strikes down gubernatorial order postponing election
On April 6, 2020, Governor Tony Evers (D) issued an executive order postponing in-person voting in the spring election, originally scheduled for April 7, 2020, to June 9, 2020. The order also extended the receipt deadline for absentee ballots to June 9, 2020. Evers called on the legislature to convene in a special session at 2:00 p.m. Central on April 7 "to consider and act upon legislation to set a new in-person voting date for the 2020 spring election." The full text of the executive order can be accessed here.[4]
State Senate Majority Leader Scott Fitzgerald (R) and Assembly Speaker Robin Vos (R) said that the governor's executive order exceeded his authority as established by the state constitution. They filed suit in the state supreme court, seeking an emergency stay of Evers' order.[5] The documents filed with the state supreme court can be accessed by clicking the links below:
- Emergency motion for temporary injunction
- Memorandum in support of emergency petition for original action and emergency motion for temporary injunction
Later that day, the Wisconsin state supreme court voted 4-2 to stay Evers' order, allowing the election to take place as scheduled on April 7, 2020. Justices Annette Ziegler, Rebecca Bradley, Patience Roggensack, and Brian Hagedorn formed the majority. Justices Ann Walsh Bradley and Rebecca Dallet dissented. Justice Daniel Kelly did not participate in the decision. The state supreme court's order can be accessed here.[6]
The court majority wrote the following in an unsigned opinion:[7]
| “ |
The Legislature could have granted the Governor broader emergency powers to suspend elections or statutory mandates. The Governor’s brief to this court represents that many other state legislatures explicitly give their Governor this very kind of clear, broad power. The Wisconsin Legislature has not done so. The Legislature and Governor also could have moved this election or changed the rules governing it through the ordinary legislative process. They have not done so. ... The question presented is not whether the policy choice to continue with this election is good or bad, or otherwise in the public interest. The dissent’s arguments are focused largely on this policy rationale. Rather, the question presented to this court is whether the Governor has the authority to suspend or rewrite state election laws. Although we recognize the extreme seriousness of the pandemic that this state is currently facing, we conclude that he does not.[3] |
” |
Ann Walsh Bradley wrote the following in her dissent, which was joined by Dallet:[7]
| “ |
Offering scant rationale for its misguided orders granting a temporary injunction and an original action, the majority gives Wisconsinites an untenable choice: endanger your safety and potentially your life by voting or give up your right to vote by heeding the recent and urgent warnings about the fast growing pandemic. These orders are but another example of this court's unmitigated support of efforts to disenfranchise voters. ... With the decision of the majority, democracy takes a step backwards. Paying no heed to the warnings or the science, the majority circumvents the law, while disenfranchising voters and putting at risk the health and safety of our fellow Wisconsinites.[3] |
” |
April 3, 2020: Federal appeals court upholds absentee ballot deadline extensions
On April 3, 2020, a three-judge panel of the United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit upheld a lower court order extending the absentee ballot request deadline in the April 7, 2020, election to April 3, 2020. The appeals court also upheld the lower court order extending the absentee ballot receipt deadline to April 13, 2020. The appeals court stayed the lower court order that would have allowed voters who were unable to obtain witness certifications for their absentee ballot requests to instead provide written statements attesting to their inability to meet that requirement. The members of the appellate panel were not named in the order.[8]
State Senate Majority Leader Scott Fitzgerald (R) and Assembly Speaker Robin Vos (R) said in a joint statement that they intended to appeal the matter to the Supreme Court of the United States. That appeal, a request for an emergency stay of the district court's order, was filed on April 4, 2020, with Associate Justice Brett Kavanaugh, the circuit justice for the Seventh Circuit. Democrats, including the Democratic National Committee and the Democratic Party of Wisconsin, filed a reply to that appeal on April 5, 2020.[9][10][11]
April 3, 2020: Governor calls for special legislative session to consider changes to April 7, 2020, election
On April 3, 2020, Governor Tony Evers (D) issued Executive Order #73, calling on the state legislature to convene in a special session to consider changes to the state's April 7, 2020, election. Evers asked lawmakers to "take up legislation allowing an all-mail election, to send a ballot to every registered voter who has not already requested one by May 19, and to extend the time for those ballots to be received to May 26." The press release announcing the proposal can be accessed here.[12]
Senate Majority Leader Scott Fitzgerald (R) and Assembly Speaker Robin Vos (R) said the following in a joint statement: "Our Republic must continue to function, and the many local government positions on the ballot must be filled so that municipalities can swiftly respond to the crisis at hand. We continue to support what Governor Evers has supported for weeks: the election should continue as planned on Tuesday."[13]
On April 4, 2020, the legislature met in special session and adjourned until 10:00 a.m. April 6, 2020, without taking action on Evers' proposal. A staffer for Assembly Majority Leader Jim Steineke (R) told Wisconsin Public Radio that he did not expect lawmakers to meet on April 6, 2020.[9]
April 3, 2020: Federal judge orders Wisconsin officials to withhold election results until April 13, 2020
On April 3, 2020, Judge William M. Conley, of the United States District Court for the Western District of Wisconsin, ordered officials to withhold the results of the April 7, 2020, election until April 13, 2020. The order was granted at the request of the Wisconsin Elections Commission to ensure that no results would be reported until absentee ballots were returned.[14]
April 2, 2020: Federal judge extends absentee voting deadlines for April 7, 2020, election
On April 2, 2020, Judge William M. Conley, of the United States District Court for the Western District of Wisconsin, issued an order extending absentee voting deadlines in Wisconsin's April 7, 2020, election. Under Conley's order, the absentee ballot request deadline was extended to 5:00 p.m. April 3, 2020. The ballot return deadline was extended to 4:00 p.m. April 13, 2020. The primary date itself was unchanged. The full text of the order can be accessed here.[15][16]
April 1, 2020: Democratic Party of Wisconsin calls for election to be delayed
On April 1, 2020, Democratic Party of Wisconsin Chairman Ben Wikler said via Twitter that the party supported postponing the election:[17]
| “ |
NEW: The Democratic Party of Wisconsin endorses the call by civil rights groups & mayors across Wisconsin to postpone our April 7 election & remove barriers to safe voting by mail. We’re in court NOW. If judge doesn't act, legislature must. The GOP has intervened in court battle after court battle to shut off paths for voters to safely request absentee ballots & mail them in. Election is now scheduled just 6 days from now. Huge electoral stakes--see thread--and a public health emergency. Republicans running our state legislature have aggressively cemented their control of Wisconsin's electoral system. The two ways to change the rules here are federal court and the legislature. We urge the court to make this critical election safe for all to vote.[3] |
” |
March 31, 2020: Governor to deploy National Guard members as poll workers in April 7, 2020, election
On March 31, 2020, in a brief filed in response to a federal lawsuit seeking postponement of the April 7, 2020, election, Assistant Attorney General Hannah Jurss indicated that Governor Tony Evers (D) would deploy members of the National Guard as poll workers. Jurss wrote, "Governor Evers has agreed to use members of the Wisconsin Army National Guard to assist as poll workers, but it is anticipated that the assistance of the National Guard will not satisfy all of the current staffing needs. The National Guard is currently determining how many personnel it can make available for each county."[18]
March 27, 2020: Federal judge dismisses lawsuit brought by the city of Green Bay
On March 27, 2020, Judge William Griesbach, of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Wisconsin. dismissed a lawsuit brought by the city of Green Bay seeking a postponement of the election.[19] In his decision, Griesbach wrote the following:[20]
| “ | This case is dismissed for lack of jurisdiction. The court’s decision is not intended to minimize the serious difficulties the City and its officials are facing in attempting to conduct the upcoming election. The court is saying only that the City and its mayor are not the proper parties to bring such a claim in federal court. In that connection, the court notes that a group of individuals and civic groups representing voters filed a lawsuit seeking similar relief to address the same problem in the Western District of Wisconsin. See Lewis v. Knudson, Case No. 20-cv284 (W.D. Wis.). Assuming the plaintiffs in that case have standing, that court will presumably be called upon to decide the important questions Plaintiffs have raised here. But for the reasons set forth, this court cannot.[3] | ” |
March 20, 2020: Federal judge extends online voter registration deadline for April 7, 2020, election
On March 20, 2020, Judge William M. Conley, of the United States District Court for the Western District of Wisconsin, extended the electronic voter registration deadline to March 30, 2020. The order resulted from a lawsuit filed by the Democratic National Committee and the Democratic Party of Wisconsin, which had also sought the following election administration changes, all of which Conley rejected:[21]
- Postponement of mail-in voter registration deadline
- Postponement of absentee ballot deadline to 8:00 p.m. on April 7, 2020
- Suspension of proof-of-residency and voter identification requirements for electronic and mail-in registration and absentee voting applications
Arguments surrounding proposed changes
Presented below are selected arguments in support of, and in opposition to, proposed and enacted election procedure changes.
Arguments surrounding postponing the election
Gov. Tony Evers (D) said the following in a press release accompanying his executive order postponing the spring election:[22]
| “ | Today, I signed an executive order suspending in-person voting for tomorrow’s election. Frankly, there’s no good answer to this problem—I wish it were easy. I have been asking everyone to do their part to help keep our families, our neighbors, and our communities safe, and I had hoped that the Legislature would do its part—just as the rest of us are—to help keep people healthy and safe. But as municipalities are consolidating polling locations, and absent legislative or court action, I cannot in good conscience stand by and do nothing. The bottom line is that I have an obligation to keep people safe, and that’s why I signed this executive order today.[3] | ” |
Senate Majority Leader Scott Fitzgerald (R) and Assembly Speaker Robin Vos (R) said the following in a joint statement issued in response to Evers' April 6 order:[5]
| “ | We are immediately challenging this executive order in the Wisconsin State Supreme Court. The clerks of this state should stand ready to proceed with the election. The governor's executive order is clearly an unconstitutional overreach. This is another last minute flip-flop from the governor on the April 7th election. The governor himself has repeatedly acknowledged he can't move the election. Just last week a federal judge said he did not have the power to cancel the election and Governor Evers doesn't either. Governor Evers can't unilaterally run the state.[3] | ” |
Arguments surrounding expanding absentee/mail voting
On March 27, 2020, Gov. Tony Evers (D) issued a statement calling on the state legislature to cancel in-person voting and instead mail every registered voter an absentee ballot:[23]
| “ |
Hello there folks, Wisconsin governor Tony Evers here. Earlier this week, I issued a "safer at home" order to help ensure folks across our state are taking this issue seriously and that everyone is doing their part to keep themselves, our neighbors, and our communities safe. We have heard from countless people across our state who all want to be able to take part in the upcoming elections. And to them I say, I hear you. My focus has been and will continue to be ensuring that everybody has the opportunity to cast their ballot in the upcoming election. I know this is a difficult time, and I know that everyone is doing the best they can to stay safe. The bottom line is that everybody should be able to participate in our democracy. Period! I understand that Republican leaders in the Legislature yesterday expressed their support for not delaying the upcoming election, but as elected officials, our top priority has to be everyone's safety. I am hopeful that all of us can agree that everyone should be able to exercise their right to vote, and that means we have to work together to ensure people are safe while they do it. So, today I am asking the Legislature to come together to take bipartisan action to ensure that every registered voter receives an absentee ballot to vote in the upcoming election, to allow absentee ballots postmarked the day of the election, and to extend the time period to give our clerks extra time to count the influx of ballots. We need to be doing everything we can to ensure that folks have that opportunity while still staying safer at home, so I am hopeful that the Legislature will act swiftly to send absentee ballots to every single registered voter living in Wisconsin. And folks, let me be clear: this is not a Republican issue or a Democratic issue, this is an issue of democracy. I don't care who gets the credit, I just want to make sure that everyone has the chance to cast their ballot this April.[3] |
” |
State Senate Majority Leader Scott Fitzgerald (R) and Assembly Speaker Robin Vos (R) said that they did not support Evers' proposal because it would not be feasible to prepare and send that many ballots in time for the election. Vos issued a statement outlining his concerns:[24]
| “ | We’re united as a caucus in rejecting the governor’s request to upend the April 7th election. His last-minute scheme of a mail-in ballot election is logistically impossible and incredibly flawed. In fact, other states say it’s impossible to implement, especially two weeks before the election with countless staffing, postal and safety considerations; our local clerks are already running out of ballots and supplies.
The governor’s idea is merely a statewide invitation for voter fraud. More than 100,000 votes have already been cast and 600,000 additional absentee ballots have been sent out, meaning that a large number of voters could receive two ballots. And because the voter rolls are not updated, ballots would go to thousands of people who may have moved. It was careless and reckless for Governor Evers to even make this suggestion.[3] |
” |
Selected commentary
Presented below is a selection of commentaries on proposed and enacted changes to Wisconsin's spring election. Selections are listed by publication date in reverse chronological order. Selections published on the same day are organized alphabetically by the author's last name.
- Marty Lederman (Georgetown Law), commentary dated April 7, 2020
- Richard Pildes (New York University, School of Law), commentary dated April 7, 2020
- Guy-Uriel Charles (Duke University, School of Law), commentary dated April 6, 2020
- Michael Morley (Florida State University, College of Law), commentary dated April 6, 2020
Aftermath analysis
On April 29, 2020, Kathy Leung, Joseph T. Wu, Kuang Xu, and Lawrence M. Wein released a pre-print study on the question of whether there had been a detectable increase in COVID-19 cases resulting from the April 7, 2020, election. According to the abstract of the study, "Taken together, there is no evidence to date that there was a surge of infections due to the April 7, 2020, election in Wisconsin, which has a relatively low level of SARS-CoV-2 transmission in the US." The pre-print study had not yet been subject to peer review.[25]
In May 2020, Chad D. Cotti, Bryan Engelhardt, Joshua Foster, Erik T. Nesson, and Paul S. Niekamp released a working paper via the National Bureau of Economic Research on the effects of the April 7, 2020, election on COVID-19 transmission in Wisconsin. According to the abstract of the study, "We find a statistically and economically significant association between in-person voting and the spread of COVID-19 two to three weeks after the election. Furthermore, we find the consolidation of polling locations, and relatively fewer absentee votes, increased positive testing rates two to three weeks after the election." The working paper had not yet been subject to peer review.[26]
Original voting procedures in Wisconsin spring elections
- See also: Voting in Wisconsin and Election administration in Wisconsin
This section details the voting procedures that were originally set to be used in the 2020 spring election. These are the rules that would have applied without the changes outlined above.
Voter registration
- Check your voter registration status here.
To register to vote in Wisconsin, one must be a citizen of the United States and a resident of Wisconsin for at least 28 days prior to the election. A voter must be at least 18 years of age by Election Day.[27]
Prospective voters can register online or by mailing a form to their municipal clerk. If registering by mail, the application must be postmarked no later than 20 days before the election. In-person registration must be completed by 5 p.m. on the Friday before Election Day. Prospective voters can also register in person at their municipal clerk's office up until the Friday before the election or at their polling place on Election Day. (Same-day voter registration requires proof of residency.)[27]
Absentee voting
All voters are eligible to vote absentee/by mail in Wisconsin. There are no special eligibility requirements for voting absentee/by mail.[28][29]
To vote absentee by mail, a request to the municipal clerk must be received by 5 p.m. on the Thursday before Election Day. Once completed, returned ballots must be received no later than 8 p.m. on Election Day.[28][30] Wisconsin requires absentee ballots to contain both a signature and address from one voter and one witness. If a signature or address is missing from either the voter or the witness, the vote cannot be counted.[31]
Municipal clerks must return any deficient absentee ballot envelopes with a new envelope to the voter. A voter may provide a corrected signature envelope until the close of polls on Election Day.
Early voting
Wisconsin law does allow for early voting but the specific deadline for voting early varies from municipality to municipality. Under ordinary election procedures, municipalities would have been permitted to allow early in-person voting as late as Sunday, April 5.[32]
Timeline of election dates under standard procedure
This section outlines what the standard dates and deadlines would have been without any changes to Wisconsin's elections procedure. It does not reflect the actual dates and deadlines adopted by state election officials.
- Wednesday, March 18, 2020: Deadline for residents to register to vote via the MyVote Wisconsin website. Voter registration forms submitted via mail needed to be postmarked by this date.
- Thursday, April 2, 2020: Deadline for most voters to request an absentee ballot.
- Friday, April 3, 2020: Deadline for indefinitely confined voters to request an absentee ballot.
- Friday, April 3, 2020: Deadline for residents to register to vote in person at their local clerk's office.
- Tuesday, April 7, 2020: In-person voting takes place, same-day voter registration is open. Deadline for hospitalized and military voters to request an absentee ballot and for all absentee ballots to be received by clerks' offices.
Footnotes
- ↑ SCOTUS Blog, "Republican National Committee et. al. v. Democratic National Committee et. al.," April 6, 2020
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Supreme Court of the United States, "Republican National Committee v. Democratic National Committee: Per Curiam Ruling," April 6, 2020
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 3.9 Note: This text is quoted verbatim from the original source. Any inconsistencies are attributable to the original source.
- ↑ Office of the Governor of Wisconsin, "Executive Order #74," April 6, 2020
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 Twitter, "Speaker Robin Vos on April 6, 2020," accessed April 6, 2020
- ↑ Supreme Court of Wisconsin, "Wisconsin Legislature v. Evers: Order," April 6, 2020
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 Supreme Court of Wisconsin, "Wisconsin Legislature v. Evers: Opinion and Order," April 6, 2020
- ↑ United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit, "Democratic National Committee v. Bostelmann: Order," April 3, 2020
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 Wisconsin Public Radio, "Wisconsin GOP Leaders Take No Action On Election Changes, Seek To Block Absentee Balloting Extension," April 4, 2020
- ↑ Supreme Court of the United States, "Republican National Committee v. Democratic National Committee; Wisconsin State Legislature v. Democratic National Committee: Emergency Application for Stay," April 4, 2020
- ↑ Supreme Court of the United States, "Republican National Committee v. Democratic National Committee; Wisconsin State Legislature v. Democratic National Committee: Response to Emergency Application for Stay," April 5, 2020
- ↑ Office of the Governor of Wisconsin, "Gov. Evers Calls for Special Session on Spring Election," April 3, 2020
- ↑ WisPolitics.com, "Rep. Vos: Statement on Special Session call," April 3, 2020
- ↑ WISN ABC, "Judge rules no Wisconsin election results until April 13," April 3, 2020
- ↑ The Chippewa Herald, "'Ill-advised' election to go on, judge says, but some absentee ballot rules rolled back," April 2, 2020
- ↑ United States District Court for the Western District of Wisconsin, "Democratic National Committee v. Bostelmann: Opinion and Order," April 2, 2020
- ↑ Twitter, "Ben Wikler on April 1, 2020," accessed April 6, 2020
- ↑ Milwaukee Journal Sentinel, "Gov. Tony Evers to use National Guard members to work the polls amid massive shortage of workers," April 1, 2020
- ↑ Wisconsin Public Radio, "Federal Judge Blocks Effort To Delay Wisconsin Election Over Coronavirus," March 27, 2020
- ↑ Wisconsin Public Radio, "Decision and Order: City of Green Bay et. al. v. Marge Bostelmann et. al.," March 27, 2020
- ↑ United States District Court for the Western District of Wisconsin, "Democratic National Committee v. Bostelmann: Opinion and Order," March 20, 2020
- ↑ GovDelivery, "Gov. Evers Suspends In-Person Voting, Calls Legislature into Special Session on April 7 Election," April 6, 2020
- ↑ Twitter, "Governor Tony Evers on March 27, 2020," accessed April 6, 2020
- ↑ Wisconsin State Legislature, "Statement on Gov. Evers' Mail-in Ballot Election Request," accessed April 6, 2020
- ↑ medRxiv, "No Detectable Surge in SARS-CoV-2 Transmission due to the April 7, 2020, Wisconsin Election," April 29, 2020
- ↑ National Bureau of Economic Research, "The Relationship between In-Person Voting, Consolidated Polling Locations, and Absentee Voting on Covid-19: Evidence from the Wisconsin Primary," May 20, 2020
- ↑ 27.0 27.1 Wisconsin Elections Commission, "Voter Registration and Proof of Residence," accessed May 4, 2023
- ↑ 28.0 28.1 Wisconsin Election Commission, "What is in-person absentee voting and how can I do it?" accessed May 4, 2023
- ↑ Wisconsin Elections Commission, "Vote Absentee Guide," accessed May 4, 2023
- ↑ Wisconsin Election Commission, "FAQ search results: absentee," accessed May 4, 2023
- ↑ Wisconsin Elections Commission, “Uniform Instructions for Wisconsin Absentee Voters,” accessed October 10, 2019
- ↑ MyVote Wisconsin, "Deadlines for April 7, 2020 Spring Election," accessed April 6, 2020
