The U.S. Navy is harnessing multi-beam radar technology. (Raytheon)
Emerging radar and signal processing technology is enabling Navy surface ships to achieve a ground-breaking measure of radar-detection range and precision--all while enabling ship defense systems to track and “take out” multiple threats at one time.
These steps forward explained recently by Capt. Jason Hall, Navy’s Above Water Sensors Program Manager, are made possible by a new family of radar systems called SPY-6 now being integrated on Navy destroyers, cruisers, amphibs and other ships. SPY-6 radars are up to 30 times more sensitive than existing radar systems; they can see threat objects that are half the size at twice the distance. Hall was speaking at the Surface Navy Association Symposium, Arlington, in January.
Digital beam forming, according to Navy and Raytheon developers, can make these multiple-track radar applications possible. An interesting essay in a publication called “Radar Tutorial” explains how “multiple independent, narrow beams steered in all directions can be formed in the digital beam forming processor. This brings improved dynamic range controlling multiple beams with better control of amplitude and phase.”
The essay further describes that “adaptive digital beam forming and radar signal processing functionality further improve the radar’s ability to function in adverse conditions.”
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Interestingly, an essay in “Microwave Journal” specifically cites some of Raytheon’s digital beam forming technology stating: “Raytheon is developing a mixer-less system with direct RF analog-to-digital conversion that has greater than 400 MHz instantaneous bandwidth and is reconfigurable, able to switch between S- and X-Band” -- (“Radar and Phased Array Breakthroughs,” Eli Booker)
Hall addressed this synergy between multiple beams as involving “S-band radar, X-band radar and a Radar Suite Controller (RSC). RSC coordinates S and X band interfaces.” S-band, according to “Radar Tutorial,” provides wide-area volume search, target tracking, Ballistic Missile Defense discrimination and missile tracking. X-band, the essay describes, “provides horizon search, precision tracking, missile communications and final illumination of guidance to targets.”
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This multi-beam integration is what helps facilitate the simultaneous tracking of several threats at once, as it can synthesize horizon scanning and precision tracking with wide-area volume search and Ballistic Missile Defense discrimination. Discrimination is, of course, a vital advantage associated with increased radar sensitivity, as it can discern threat objects from other less relevant items such as friendly platforms or flying debris.
Raytheon’s SPY-6 radar transmitter uses a material known as military-grade Gallium Nitride (GaN), a substance explained by Raytheon developers as up to 1,000-times more efficient than the existing Gallium Arsenide used today.
“GaN converts electrical power into radar, creating greater efficiency which allows us to see a smaller object,” Scott Spence, Director for Naval Radar Systems for Integrated Defense Systems, Raytheon, told Warrior in an interview.
Alongside the SPY-6 (V)1, Raytheon and the Navy are now integrating several additional SPY-6 variants for carriers and amphibs, specifically tailored to their respective mission scopes. The SPY-6 (V) 2, for instance, is a smaller rotating radar and a SPY-6 (V) 3 has three fixed radar faces on the deck houses. These variants will go on both Nimitz class and Ford-class carriers. The (V) 3 has nine radar module assemblies. The (V)3 has three fixed spaces looking out at a different angle, covering 360-degrees with 120-degree panels each. Finally, there is a SPY-6 (V) 4 which will be integrated onto existing DDG 51 IIA destroyers during a mid-life upgrade. The (V) 4 has 24 Radar Module Assemblies, compared to the (V) 1, which has 37.
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The use of a scalable antenna, composed of 2ft X 2ft X 2ft Radar Module Assembly building blocks, enables developers to engineer tailored, mission-specific, radar applications for different platforms.
A 2017 Pentagon Selected Acquisition Report, written earlier in the development process of the SPY-6 radar, explains that each RMA is comprised of four Line Replaceable Units (LRU).
“Each LRU can be replaced in less than 6 minutes. The back-end radar controller is fully programmable and uses commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) 86 processors, which allows adapting to future threats, easy upgrades with future COTS processors and no obsolescence.” (Air and Missile Defense Radar (AMDR) As of FY 2017 President's Budget Selected Acquisition Report (SAR).
COTs processing equipment refresh “upgrades will be implemented using a ‘refresh by attrition’ approach… software updates,” the SAR Report states.
“We moved to a modular maintenance concept so that is a real big change. We are able to break down the elements themselves into modular structures … then you can adjust form factor to whatever size you want,” Hall explained.
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What all of this amounts to is more time and options for commanders tasked with ship defense. For instance, an approaching ballistic missile might likely require a longer-range SM-3 interceptor missile, a sea-skimming cruise missile might require an Evolved Sea Sparrow Block II interceptor, and approaching enemy aircraft, helicopter or drone might require an SM-6, deck-mounted guns or even laser weapons and fast-approaching small boats might require the Close-In-Weapons system -- all of which comprise different elements of a ship’s layered defenses. Advanced automation, and even human-controlled AI-enabled processing, sensors and networked fire control might quickly allow Navy ships to employ many of these to operate simultaneously in response to multiple tracks detected by SPY-6 radar.
The radar is built in a 30,000 square foot automated facility in Andover, Mass; Raytheon leads an industry team of more than 125 suppliers.
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Finally, it goes without saying that increased networking, computing speeds and signal processing require extensive “hardening” of networks, a reason why Hall stressed that the Navy is working closely with industry on cybersecurity.
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